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Deterministic OSX Dmg Notes.
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Working OSX DMGs are created in Linux by combining a recent clang,
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the Apple's binutils (ld, ar, etc), and DMG authoring tools.
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Apple uses clang extensively for development and has upstreamed the necessary
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functionality so that a vanilla clang can take advantage. It supports the use
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of -F, -target, -mmacosx-version-min, and --sysroot, which are all necessary
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when building for OSX. A pre-compiled version of 3.2 is used because it was not
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available in the Precise repositories at the time this work was started. In the
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future, it can be switched to use system packages instead.
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Apple's version of binutils (called cctools) contains lots of functionality
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missing in the FSF's binutils. In addition to extra linker options for
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frameworks and sysroots, several other tools are needed as well such as
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install_name_tool, lipo, and nmedit. These do not build under linux, so they
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have been patched to do so. The work here was used as a starting point:
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https://github.com/mingwandroid/toolchain4
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In order to build a working toolchain, the following source packages are needed
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from Apple: cctools, dyld, and ld64.
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These tools inject timestamps by default, which produce non-deterministic
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binaries. The ZERO_AR_DATE environment variable is used to disable that.
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This version of cctools has been patched to use the current version of clang's
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headers and and its libLTO.so rather than those from llvmgcc, as it was
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originally done in toolchain4.
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To complicate things further, all builds must target an Apple SDK. These SDKs
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are free to download, but not redistributable.
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To obtain it, register for a developer account, then download the XCode 6.1.1 dmg:
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https://developer.apple.com/devcenter/download.action?path=/Developer_Tools/xcode_6.1.1/xcode_6.1.1.dmg
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This file is several gigabytes in size, but only a single directory inside is
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needed: Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk
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Unfortunately, the usual linux tools (7zip, hpmount, loopback mount) are incapable of opening this file.
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To create a tarball suitable for gitian input, mount the dmg in OSX, then create it with:
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$ tar -C /Volumes/Xcode/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/ -czf MacOSX10.9.sdk.tar.gz MacOSX10.9.sdk
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The gitian descriptors build 2 sets of files: Linux tools, then Apple binaries
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which are created using these tools. The build process has been designed to
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avoid including the SDK's files in Gitian's outputs. All interim tarballs are
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fully deterministic and may be freely redistributed.
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genisoimage is used to create the initial DMG. It is not deterministic as-is,
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so it has been patched. A system genisoimage will work fine, but it will not
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be deterministic because the file-order will change between invocations.
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The patch can be seen here:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/theuni/osx-cross-depends/master/patches/cdrtools/genisoimage.diff
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No effort was made to fix this cleanly, so it likely leaks memory badly. But
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it's only used for a single invocation, so that's no real concern.
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genisoimage cannot compress DMGs, so afterwards, the 'dmg' tool from the
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libdmg-hfsplus project is used to compress it. There are several bugs in this
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tool and its maintainer has seemingly abandoned the project. It has been forked
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and is available (with fixes) here: https://github.com/theuni/libdmg-hfsplus .
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The 'dmg' tool has the ability to create DMGs from scratch as well, but this
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functionality is broken. Only the compression feature is currently used.
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Ideally, the creation could be fixed and genisoimage would no longer be necessary.
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Background images and other features can be added to DMG files by inserting a
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.DS_Store before creation. The easiest way to create this file is to build a
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DMG without one, move it to a device running OSX, customize the layout, then
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grab the .DS_Store file for later use. That is the approach taken here.
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As of OSX Mavericks (10.9), using an Apple-blessed key to sign binaries is a
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requirement in order to satisfy the new Gatekeeper requirements. Because this
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private key cannot be shared, we'll have to be a bit creative in order for the
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build process to remain somewhat deterministic. Here's how it works:
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- Builders use gitian to create an unsigned release. This outputs an unsigned
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dmg which users may choose to bless and run. It also outputs an unsigned app
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structure in the form of a tarball, which also contains all of the tools
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that have been previously (deterministically) built in order to create a
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final dmg.
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- The Apple keyholder uses this unsigned app to create a detached signature,
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using the script that is also included there.
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- Builders feed the unsigned app + detached signature back into gitian. It
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uses the pre-built tools to recombine the pieces into a deterministic dmg.
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