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368 lines
11 KiB
368 lines
11 KiB
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=pod |
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=head1 NAME |
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pkcs12 - PKCS#12 file utility |
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=head1 SYNOPSIS |
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B<openssl> B<pkcs12> |
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[B<-export>] |
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[B<-chain>] |
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[B<-inkey filename>] |
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[B<-certfile filename>] |
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[B<-name name>] |
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[B<-caname name>] |
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[B<-in filename>] |
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[B<-out filename>] |
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[B<-noout>] |
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[B<-nomacver>] |
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[B<-nocerts>] |
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[B<-clcerts>] |
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[B<-cacerts>] |
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[B<-nokeys>] |
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[B<-info>] |
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[B<-des | -des3 | -idea | -aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -camellia128 | -camellia192 | -camellia256 | -nodes>] |
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[B<-noiter>] |
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[B<-maciter | -nomaciter | -nomac>] |
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[B<-twopass>] |
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[B<-descert>] |
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[B<-certpbe cipher>] |
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[B<-keypbe cipher>] |
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[B<-macalg digest>] |
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[B<-keyex>] |
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[B<-keysig>] |
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[B<-password arg>] |
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[B<-passin arg>] |
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[B<-passout arg>] |
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[B<-rand file(s)>] |
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[B<-CAfile file>] |
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[B<-CApath dir>] |
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[B<-CSP name>] |
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=head1 DESCRIPTION |
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The B<pkcs12> command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as |
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PFX files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several |
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programs including Netscape, MSIE and MS Outlook. |
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=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS |
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There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file |
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is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12 |
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file can be created by using the B<-export> option (see below). |
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=head1 PARSING OPTIONS |
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=over 4 |
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=item B<-in filename> |
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This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used |
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by default. |
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=item B<-out filename> |
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The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by |
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default. They are all written in PEM format. |
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=item B<-passin arg> |
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the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about |
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the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in |
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. |
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=item B<-passout arg> |
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pass phrase source to encrypt any outputted private keys with. For more |
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information about the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section |
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in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. |
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=item B<-password arg> |
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With -export, -password is equivalent to -passout. |
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Otherwise, -password is equivalent to -passin. |
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=item B<-noout> |
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this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file |
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version of the PKCS#12 file. |
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=item B<-clcerts> |
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only output client certificates (not CA certificates). |
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=item B<-cacerts> |
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only output CA certificates (not client certificates). |
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=item B<-nocerts> |
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no certificates at all will be output. |
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=item B<-nokeys> |
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no private keys will be output. |
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=item B<-info> |
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output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and |
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iteration counts. |
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=item B<-des> |
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use DES to encrypt private keys before outputting. |
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=item B<-des3> |
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use triple DES to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default. |
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=item B<-idea> |
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use IDEA to encrypt private keys before outputting. |
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=item B<-aes128>, B<-aes192>, B<-aes256> |
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use AES to encrypt private keys before outputting. |
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=item B<-camellia128>, B<-camellia192>, B<-camellia256> |
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use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting. |
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=item B<-nodes> |
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don't encrypt the private keys at all. |
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=item B<-nomacver> |
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don't attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file. |
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=item B<-twopass> |
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prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software |
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always assumes these are the same so this option will render such |
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PKCS#12 files unreadable. |
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=back |
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=head1 FILE CREATION OPTIONS |
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=over 4 |
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=item B<-export> |
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This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than |
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parsed. |
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=item B<-out filename> |
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This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used |
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by default. |
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=item B<-in filename> |
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The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by |
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default. They must all be in PEM format. The order doesn't matter but one |
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private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional |
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certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file. |
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=item B<-inkey filename> |
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file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present |
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in the input file. |
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=item B<-name friendlyname> |
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This specifies the "friendly name" for the certificate and private key. This |
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name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file. |
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=item B<-certfile filename> |
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A filename to read additional certificates from. |
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=item B<-caname friendlyname> |
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This specifies the "friendly name" for other certificates. This option may be |
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used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they |
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appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas MSIE |
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displays them. |
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=item B<-pass arg>, B<-passout arg> |
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the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about |
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the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in |
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. |
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=item B<-passin password> |
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pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information |
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about the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in |
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. |
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=item B<-chain> |
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if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire |
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certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard CA store is used |
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for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error. |
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=item B<-descert> |
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encrypt the certificate using triple DES, this may render the PKCS#12 |
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file unreadable by some "export grade" software. By default the private |
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key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using 40 bit RC2. |
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=item B<-keypbe alg>, B<-certpbe alg> |
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these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and |
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certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name |
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can be used (see B<NOTES> section for more information). If a a cipher name |
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(as output by the B<list-cipher-algorithms> command is specified then it |
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is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only |
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use PKCS#12 algorithms. |
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=item B<-keyex|-keysig> |
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specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. |
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This option is only interpreted by MSIE and similar MS software. Normally |
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"export grade" software will only allow 512 bit RSA keys to be used for |
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encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The B<-keysig> |
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option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for |
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S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and SSL client |
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authentication, however due to a bug only MSIE 5.0 and later support |
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the use of signing only keys for SSL client authentication. |
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=item B<-macalg digest> |
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specify the MAC digest algorithm. If not included them SHA1 will be used. |
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=item B<-nomaciter>, B<-noiter> |
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these options affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms. |
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Unless you wish to produce files compatible with MSIE 4.0 you should leave |
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these options alone. |
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To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the |
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algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied |
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to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it |
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down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally |
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have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. |
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By default both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using |
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these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since |
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this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you |
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really have to. Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts. |
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MSIE 4.0 doesn't support MAC iteration counts so it needs the B<-nomaciter> |
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option. |
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=item B<-maciter> |
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This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used |
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to be needed to use MAC iterations counts but they are now used by default. |
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=item B<-nomac> |
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don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity. |
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=item B<-rand file(s)> |
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a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number |
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generator, or an EGD socket (see L<RAND_egd(3)|RAND_egd(3)>). |
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Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. |
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The separator is B<;> for MS-Windows, B<,> for OpenVMS, and B<:> for |
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all others. |
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=item B<-CAfile file> |
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CA storage as a file. |
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=item B<-CApath dir> |
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CA storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate |
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directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using B<x509 -hash>) should be |
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linked to each certificate. |
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=item B<-CSP name> |
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write B<name> as a Microsoft CSP name. |
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=back |
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=head1 NOTES |
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Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely |
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used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only B<-in> and B<-out> need to be used |
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for PKCS#12 file creation B<-export> and B<-name> are also used. |
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If none of the B<-clcerts>, B<-cacerts> or B<-nocerts> options are present |
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then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input |
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PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is |
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the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires |
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a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the |
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file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always |
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be the case. Using the B<-clcerts> option will solve this problem by only |
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outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the CA |
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certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using |
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the B<-nokeys -cacerts> options to just output CA certificates. |
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The B<-keypbe> and B<-certpbe> algorithms allow the precise encryption |
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algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally |
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the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple DES |
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encrypted private keys, then the option B<-keypbe PBE-SHA1-RC2-40> can |
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be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit RC2. A complete |
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description of all algorithms is contained in the B<pkcs8> manual page. |
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=head1 EXAMPLES |
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Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file: |
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem |
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Output only client certificates to a file: |
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -clcerts -out file.pem |
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Don't encrypt the private key: |
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem -nodes |
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Print some info about a PKCS#12 file: |
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -info -noout |
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Create a PKCS#12 file: |
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openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" |
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Include some extra certificates: |
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openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" \ |
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-certfile othercerts.pem |
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=head1 BUGS |
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Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :-) |
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Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation |
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routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted |
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with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug |
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from other implementations (MSIE or Netscape) could not be decrypted |
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by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could |
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not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such |
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a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256. |
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A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12 |
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files cannot no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances |
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the B<pkcs12> utility will report that the MAC is OK but fail with a decryption |
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error when extracting private keys. |
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This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates |
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from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12 |
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file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example: |
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old-openssl -in bad.p12 -out keycerts.pem |
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openssl -in keycerts.pem -export -name "My PKCS#12 file" -out fixed.p12 |
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=head1 SEE ALSO |
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L<pkcs8(1)|pkcs8(1)> |
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