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678 lines
32 KiB
678 lines
32 KiB
![]()
4 years ago
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USAGE instructions for the Independent JPEG Group's JPEG software
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=================================================================
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This file describes usage of the JPEG conversion programs cjpeg and djpeg,
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as well as the utility programs jpegtran, rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom. (See
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the other documentation files if you wish to use the JPEG library within
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your own programs.)
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If you are on a Unix machine you may prefer to read the Unix-style manual
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pages in files cjpeg.1, djpeg.1, jpegtran.1, rdjpgcom.1, wrjpgcom.1.
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INTRODUCTION
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These programs implement JPEG image encoding, decoding, and transcoding.
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JPEG (pronounced "jay-peg") is a standardized compression method for
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full-color and gray-scale images.
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GENERAL USAGE
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We provide two programs, cjpeg to compress an image file into JPEG format,
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and djpeg to decompress a JPEG file back into a conventional image format.
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On Unix-like systems, you say:
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cjpeg [switches] [imagefile] >jpegfile
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or
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djpeg [switches] [jpegfile] >imagefile
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The programs read the specified input file, or standard input if none is
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named. They always write to standard output (with trace/error messages to
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standard error). These conventions are handy for piping images between
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programs.
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On most non-Unix systems, you say:
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cjpeg [switches] imagefile jpegfile
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or
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djpeg [switches] jpegfile imagefile
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i.e., both the input and output files are named on the command line. This
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style is a little more foolproof, and it loses no functionality if you don't
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have pipes. (You can get this style on Unix too, if you prefer, by defining
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TWO_FILE_COMMANDLINE when you compile the programs; see install.txt.)
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You can also say:
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cjpeg [switches] -outfile jpegfile imagefile
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or
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djpeg [switches] -outfile imagefile jpegfile
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This syntax works on all systems, so it is useful for scripts.
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The currently supported image file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color format),
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PGM (PBMPLUS gray-scale format), BMP, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster Toolkit
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format). (RLE is supported only if the URT library is available.)
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cjpeg recognizes the input image format automatically, with the exception
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of some Targa-format files. You have to tell djpeg which format to generate.
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JPEG files are in the defacto standard JFIF file format. There are other,
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less widely used JPEG-based file formats, but we don't support them.
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All switch names may be abbreviated; for example, -grayscale may be written
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-gray or -gr. Most of the "basic" switches can be abbreviated to as little as
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one letter. Upper and lower case are equivalent (-BMP is the same as -bmp).
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British spellings are also accepted (e.g., -greyscale), though for brevity
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these are not mentioned below.
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CJPEG DETAILS
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The basic command line switches for cjpeg are:
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-quality N[,...] Scale quantization tables to adjust image quality.
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Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best); default is 75.
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(See below for more info.)
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-grayscale Create monochrome JPEG file from color input.
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Be sure to use this switch when compressing a grayscale
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BMP file, because cjpeg isn't bright enough to notice
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whether a BMP file uses only shades of gray. By
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saying -grayscale, you'll get a smaller JPEG file that
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takes less time to process.
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-rgb Create RGB JPEG file.
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Using this switch suppresses the conversion from RGB
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colorspace input to the default YCbCr JPEG colorspace.
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You can use this switch in combination with the
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-block N switch (see below) for lossless JPEG coding.
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See also the -rgb1 switch below.
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-optimize Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.
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Without this, default encoding parameters are used.
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-optimize usually makes the JPEG file a little smaller,
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but cjpeg runs somewhat slower and needs much more
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memory. Image quality and speed of decompression are
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unaffected by -optimize.
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-progressive Create progressive JPEG file (see below).
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-scale M/N Scale the output image by a factor M/N. Currently
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supported scale factors are M/N with all N from 1 to
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16, where M is the destination DCT size, which is 8 by
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default (see -block N switch below).
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-targa Input file is Targa format. Targa files that contain
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an "identification" field will not be automatically
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recognized by cjpeg; for such files you must specify
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-targa to make cjpeg treat the input as Targa format.
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For most Targa files, you won't need this switch.
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The -quality switch lets you trade off compressed file size against quality of
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the reconstructed image: the higher the quality setting, the larger the JPEG
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file, and the closer the output image will be to the original input. Normally
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you want to use the lowest quality setting (smallest file) that decompresses
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into something visually indistinguishable from the original image. For this
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purpose the quality setting should be between 50 and 95; the default of 75 is
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often about right. If you see defects at -quality 75, then go up 5 or 10
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counts at a time until you are happy with the output image. (The optimal
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setting will vary from one image to another.)
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-quality 100 will generate a quantization table of all 1's, minimizing loss
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in the quantization step (but there is still information loss in subsampling,
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as well as roundoff error). This setting is mainly of interest for
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experimental purposes. Quality values above about 95 are NOT recommended for
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normal use; the compressed file size goes up dramatically for hardly any gain
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in output image quality.
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In the other direction, quality values below 50 will produce very small files
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of low image quality. Settings around 5 to 10 might be useful in preparing an
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index of a large image library, for example. Try -quality 2 (or so) for some
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amusing Cubist effects. (Note: quality values below about 25 generate 2-byte
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quantization tables, which are considered optional in the JPEG standard.
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cjpeg emits a warning message when you give such a quality value, because some
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other JPEG programs may be unable to decode the resulting file. Use -baseline
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if you need to ensure compatibility at low quality values.)
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The -quality option has been extended in IJG version 7 for support of separate
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quality settings for luminance and chrominance (or in general, for every
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provided quantization table slot). This feature is useful for high-quality
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applications which cannot accept the damage of color data by coarse
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subsampling settings. You can now easily reduce the color data amount more
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smoothly with finer control without separate subsampling. The resulting file
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is fully compliant with standard JPEG decoders.
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Note that the -quality ratings refer to the quantization table slots, and that
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the last value is replicated if there are more q-table slots than parameters.
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The default q-table slots are 0 for luminance and 1 for chrominance with
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default tables as given in the JPEG standard. This is compatible with the old
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behaviour in case that only one parameter is given, which is then used for
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both luminance and chrominance (slots 0 and 1). More or custom quantization
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tables can be set with -qtables and assigned to components with -qslots
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parameter (see the "wizard" switches below).
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CAUTION: You must explicitly add -sample 1x1 for efficient separate color
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quality selection, since the default value used by library is 2x2!
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The -progressive switch creates a "progressive JPEG" file. In this type of
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JPEG file, the data is stored in multiple scans of increasing quality. If the
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file is being transmitted over a slow communications link, the decoder can use
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the first scan to display a low-quality image very quickly, and can then
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improve the display with each subsequent scan. The final image is exactly
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equivalent to a standard JPEG file of the same quality setting, and the total
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file size is about the same --- often a little smaller.
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Switches for advanced users:
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-arithmetic Use arithmetic coding.
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CAUTION: arithmetic coded JPEG is not yet widely
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implemented, so many decoders will be unable to
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view an arithmetic coded JPEG file at all.
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-block N Set DCT block size. All N from 1 to 16 are possible.
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Default is 8 (baseline format).
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Larger values produce higher compression,
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smaller values produce higher quality
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(exact DCT stage possible with 1 or 2; with the
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default quality of 75 and default Luminance qtable
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the DCT+Quantization stage is lossless for N=1).
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CAUTION: An implementation of the JPEG SmartScale
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extension is required for this feature. SmartScale
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enabled JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many
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decoders will be unable to view a SmartScale extended
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JPEG file at all.
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-rgb1 Create RGB JPEG file with reversible color transform.
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Works like the -rgb switch (see above) and inserts a
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simple reversible color transform into the processing
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which significantly improves the compression.
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Use this switch in combination with the -block N
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switch (see above) for lossless JPEG coding.
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CAUTION: A decoder with inverse color transform
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support is required for this feature. Reversible
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color transform support is not yet widely implemented,
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so many decoders will be unable to view a reversible
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color transformed JPEG file at all.
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-bgycc Create big gamut YCC JPEG file.
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In this type of encoding the color difference
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components are quantized further by a factor of 2
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compared to the normal Cb/Cr values, thus creating
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space to allow larger color values with higher
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saturation than the normal gamut limits to be encoded.
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In order to compensate for the loss of color fidelity
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compared to a normal YCC encoded file, the color
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quantization tables can be adjusted accordingly.
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For example, cjpeg -bgycc -quality 80,90 will give
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similar results as cjpeg -quality 80.
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CAUTION: For correct decompression a decoder with big
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gamut YCC support (JFIF version 2) is required.
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An old decoder may or may not display a big gamut YCC
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encoded JPEG file, depending on JFIF version check
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and corresponding warning/error configuration.
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In case of a granted decompression the old decoder
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will display the image with half saturated colors.
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-dct int Use integer DCT method (default).
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-dct fast Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
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-dct float Use floating-point DCT method.
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The float method is very slightly more accurate than
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the int method, but is much slower unless your machine
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has very fast floating-point hardware. Also note that
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results of the floating-point method may vary slightly
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across machines, while the integer methods should give
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the same results everywhere. The fast integer method
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is much less accurate than the other two.
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-nosmooth Don't use high-quality downsampling.
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-restart N Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every
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N MCU blocks if "B" is attached to the number.
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-restart 0 (the default) means no restart markers.
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-smooth N Smooth the input image to eliminate dithering noise.
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N, ranging from 1 to 100, indicates the strength of
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smoothing. 0 (the default) means no smoothing.
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-maxmemory N Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing
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large images. Value is in thousands of bytes, or
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millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number.
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For example, -max 4m selects 4000000 bytes. If more
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space is needed, temporary files will be used.
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-verbose Enable debug printout. More -v's give more printout.
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or -debug Also, version information is printed at startup.
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The -restart option inserts extra markers that allow a JPEG decoder to
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resynchronize after a transmission error. Without restart markers, any damage
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to a compressed file will usually ruin the image from the point of the error
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to the end of the image; with restart markers, the damage is usually confined
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to the portion of the image up to the next restart marker. Of course, the
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restart markers occupy extra space. We recommend -restart 1 for images that
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will be transmitted across unreliable networks such as Usenet.
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The -smooth option filters the input to eliminate fine-scale noise. This is
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often useful when converting dithered images to JPEG: a moderate smoothing
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factor of 10 to 50 gets rid of dithering patterns in the input file, resulting
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in a smaller JPEG file and a better-looking image. Too large a smoothing
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factor will visibly blur the image, however.
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Switches for wizards:
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-baseline Force baseline-compatible quantization tables to be
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generated. This clamps quantization values to 8 bits
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even at low quality settings. (This switch is poorly
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named, since it does not ensure that the output is
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actually baseline JPEG. For example, you can use
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-baseline and -progressive together.)
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-qtables file Use the quantization tables given in the specified
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text file.
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-qslots N[,...] Select which quantization table to use for each color
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component.
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-sample HxV[,...] Set JPEG sampling factors for each color component.
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-scans file Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
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The "wizard" switches are intended for experimentation with JPEG. If you
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don't know what you are doing, DON'T USE THEM. These switches are documented
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further in the file wizard.txt.
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DJPEG DETAILS
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The basic command line switches for djpeg are:
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-colors N Reduce image to at most N colors. This reduces the
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or -quantize N number of colors used in the output image, so that it
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can be displayed on a colormapped display or stored in
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a colormapped file format. For example, if you have
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an 8-bit display, you'd need to reduce to 256 or fewer
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colors. (-colors is the recommended name, -quantize
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is provided only for backwards compatibility.)
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-fast Select recommended processing options for fast, low
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quality output. (The default options are chosen for
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highest quality output.) Currently, this is equivalent
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to "-dct fast -nosmooth -onepass -dither ordered".
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-grayscale Force gray-scale output even if JPEG file is color.
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Useful for viewing on monochrome displays; also,
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djpeg runs noticeably faster in this mode.
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-scale M/N Scale the output image by a factor M/N. Currently
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supported scale factors are M/N with all M from 1 to
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16, where N is the source DCT size, which is 8 for
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baseline JPEG. If the /N part is omitted, then M
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specifies the DCT scaled size to be applied on the
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given input. For baseline JPEG this is equivalent to
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M/8 scaling, since the source DCT size for baseline
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JPEG is 8. Scaling is handy if the image is larger
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than your screen; also, djpeg runs much faster when
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scaling down the output.
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-bmp Select BMP output format (Windows flavor). 8-bit
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colormapped format is emitted if -colors or -grayscale
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is specified, or if the JPEG file is gray-scale;
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otherwise, 24-bit full-color format is emitted.
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-gif Select GIF output format. Since GIF does not support
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more than 256 colors, -colors 256 is assumed (unless
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you specify a smaller number of colors). If you
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specify -fast, the default number of colors is 216.
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-os2 Select BMP output format (OS/2 1.x flavor). 8-bit
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colormapped format is emitted if -colors or -grayscale
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is specified, or if the JPEG file is gray-scale;
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otherwise, 24-bit full-color format is emitted.
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-pnm Select PBMPLUS (PPM/PGM) output format (this is the
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default format). PGM is emitted if the JPEG file is
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gray-scale or if -grayscale is specified; otherwise
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PPM is emitted.
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-rle Select RLE output format. (Requires URT library.)
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-targa Select Targa output format. Gray-scale format is
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emitted if the JPEG file is gray-scale or if
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-grayscale is specified; otherwise, colormapped format
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is emitted if -colors is specified; otherwise, 24-bit
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full-color format is emitted.
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Switches for advanced users:
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-dct int Use integer DCT method (default).
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-dct fast Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
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-dct float Use floating-point DCT method.
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The float method is very slightly more accurate than
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the int method, but is much slower unless your machine
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has very fast floating-point hardware. Also note that
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results of the floating-point method may vary slightly
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across machines, while the integer methods should give
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the same results everywhere. The fast integer method
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is much less accurate than the other two.
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-dither fs Use Floyd-Steinberg dithering in color quantization.
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-dither ordered Use ordered dithering in color quantization.
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-dither none Do not use dithering in color quantization.
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By default, Floyd-Steinberg dithering is applied when
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quantizing colors; this is slow but usually produces
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the best results. Ordered dither is a compromise
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between speed and quality; no dithering is fast but
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usually looks awful. Note that these switches have
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no effect unless color quantization is being done.
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Ordered dither is only available in -onepass mode.
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-map FILE Quantize to the colors used in the specified image
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file. This is useful for producing multiple files
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with identical color maps, or for forcing a predefined
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set of colors to be used. The FILE must be a GIF
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or PPM file. This option overrides -colors and
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-onepass.
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-nosmooth Don't use high-quality upsampling.
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-onepass Use one-pass instead of two-pass color quantization.
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The one-pass method is faster and needs less memory,
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but it produces a lower-quality image. -onepass is
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ignored unless you also say -colors N. Also,
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the one-pass method is always used for gray-scale
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output (the two-pass method is no improvement then).
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-maxmemory N Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing
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large images. Value is in thousands of bytes, or
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millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number.
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For example, -max 4m selects 4000000 bytes. If more
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space is needed, temporary files will be used.
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-verbose Enable debug printout. More -v's give more printout.
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or -debug Also, version information is printed at startup.
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HINTS FOR CJPEG
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Color GIF files are not the ideal input for JPEG; JPEG is really intended for
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compressing full-color (24-bit) images. In particular, don't try to convert
|
||
|
cartoons, line drawings, and other images that have only a few distinct
|
||
|
colors. GIF works great on these, JPEG does not. If you want to convert a
|
||
|
GIF to JPEG, you should experiment with cjpeg's -quality and -smooth options
|
||
|
to get a satisfactory conversion. -smooth 10 or so is often helpful.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Avoid running an image through a series of JPEG compression/decompression
|
||
|
cycles. Image quality loss will accumulate; after ten or so cycles the image
|
||
|
may be noticeably worse than it was after one cycle. It's best to use a
|
||
|
lossless format while manipulating an image, then convert to JPEG format when
|
||
|
you are ready to file the image away.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The -optimize option to cjpeg is worth using when you are making a "final"
|
||
|
version for posting or archiving. It's also a win when you are using low
|
||
|
quality settings to make very small JPEG files; the percentage improvement
|
||
|
is often a lot more than it is on larger files. (At present, -optimize
|
||
|
mode is always selected when generating progressive JPEG files.)
|
||
|
|
||
|
GIF input files are no longer supported, to avoid the Unisys LZW patent
|
||
|
(now expired).
|
||
|
(Conversion of GIF files to JPEG is usually a bad idea anyway.)
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
HINTS FOR DJPEG
|
||
|
|
||
|
To get a quick preview of an image, use the -grayscale and/or -scale switches.
|
||
|
"-grayscale -scale 1/8" is the fastest case.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Several options are available that trade off image quality to gain speed.
|
||
|
"-fast" turns on the recommended settings.
|
||
|
|
||
|
"-dct fast" and/or "-nosmooth" gain speed at a small sacrifice in quality.
|
||
|
When producing a color-quantized image, "-onepass -dither ordered" is fast but
|
||
|
much lower quality than the default behavior. "-dither none" may give
|
||
|
acceptable results in two-pass mode, but is seldom tolerable in one-pass mode.
|
||
|
|
||
|
If you are fortunate enough to have very fast floating point hardware,
|
||
|
"-dct float" may be even faster than "-dct fast". But on most machines
|
||
|
"-dct float" is slower than "-dct int"; in this case it is not worth using,
|
||
|
because its theoretical accuracy advantage is too small to be significant
|
||
|
in practice.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Two-pass color quantization requires a good deal of memory; on MS-DOS machines
|
||
|
it may run out of memory even with -maxmemory 0. In that case you can still
|
||
|
decompress, with some loss of image quality, by specifying -onepass for
|
||
|
one-pass quantization.
|
||
|
|
||
|
To avoid the Unisys LZW patent (now expired), djpeg produces uncompressed GIF
|
||
|
files. These are larger than they should be, but are readable by standard GIF
|
||
|
decoders.
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
HINTS FOR BOTH PROGRAMS
|
||
|
|
||
|
If more space is needed than will fit in the available main memory (as
|
||
|
determined by -maxmemory), temporary files will be used. (MS-DOS versions
|
||
|
will try to get extended or expanded memory first.) The temporary files are
|
||
|
often rather large: in typical cases they occupy three bytes per pixel, for
|
||
|
example 3*800*600 = 1.44Mb for an 800x600 image. If you don't have enough
|
||
|
free disk space, leave out -progressive and -optimize (for cjpeg) or specify
|
||
|
-onepass (for djpeg).
|
||
|
|
||
|
On MS-DOS, the temporary files are created in the directory named by the TMP
|
||
|
or TEMP environment variable, or in the current directory if neither of those
|
||
|
exist. Amiga implementations put the temp files in the directory named by
|
||
|
JPEGTMP:, so be sure to assign JPEGTMP: to a disk partition with adequate free
|
||
|
space.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The default memory usage limit (-maxmemory) is set when the software is
|
||
|
compiled. If you get an "insufficient memory" error, try specifying a smaller
|
||
|
-maxmemory value, even -maxmemory 0 to use the absolute minimum space. You
|
||
|
may want to recompile with a smaller default value if this happens often.
|
||
|
|
||
|
On machines that have "environment" variables, you can define the environment
|
||
|
variable JPEGMEM to set the default memory limit. The value is specified as
|
||
|
described for the -maxmemory switch. JPEGMEM overrides the default value
|
||
|
specified when the program was compiled, and itself is overridden by an
|
||
|
explicit -maxmemory switch.
|
||
|
|
||
|
On MS-DOS machines, -maxmemory is the amount of main (conventional) memory to
|
||
|
use. (Extended or expanded memory is also used if available.) Most
|
||
|
DOS-specific versions of this software do their own memory space estimation
|
||
|
and do not need you to specify -maxmemory.
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
JPEGTRAN
|
||
|
|
||
|
jpegtran performs various useful transformations of JPEG files.
|
||
|
It can translate the coded representation from one variant of JPEG to another,
|
||
|
for example from baseline JPEG to progressive JPEG or vice versa. It can also
|
||
|
perform some rearrangements of the image data, for example turning an image
|
||
|
from landscape to portrait format by rotation.
|
||
|
|
||
|
jpegtran works by rearranging the compressed data (DCT coefficients), without
|
||
|
ever fully decoding the image. Therefore, its transformations are lossless:
|
||
|
there is no image degradation at all, which would not be true if you used
|
||
|
djpeg followed by cjpeg to accomplish the same conversion. But by the same
|
||
|
token, jpegtran cannot perform lossy operations such as changing the image
|
||
|
quality.
|
||
|
|
||
|
jpegtran uses a command line syntax similar to cjpeg or djpeg.
|
||
|
On Unix-like systems, you say:
|
||
|
jpegtran [switches] [inputfile] >outputfile
|
||
|
On most non-Unix systems, you say:
|
||
|
jpegtran [switches] inputfile outputfile
|
||
|
where both the input and output files are JPEG files.
|
||
|
|
||
|
To specify the coded JPEG representation used in the output file,
|
||
|
jpegtran accepts a subset of the switches recognized by cjpeg:
|
||
|
-optimize Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.
|
||
|
-progressive Create progressive JPEG file.
|
||
|
-arithmetic Use arithmetic coding.
|
||
|
-restart N Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every
|
||
|
N MCU blocks if "B" is attached to the number.
|
||
|
-scans file Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
|
||
|
See the previous discussion of cjpeg for more details about these switches.
|
||
|
If you specify none of these switches, you get a plain baseline-JPEG output
|
||
|
file. The quality setting and so forth are determined by the input file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The image can be losslessly transformed by giving one of these switches:
|
||
|
-flip horizontal Mirror image horizontally (left-right).
|
||
|
-flip vertical Mirror image vertically (top-bottom).
|
||
|
-rotate 90 Rotate image 90 degrees clockwise.
|
||
|
-rotate 180 Rotate image 180 degrees.
|
||
|
-rotate 270 Rotate image 270 degrees clockwise (or 90 ccw).
|
||
|
-transpose Transpose image (across UL-to-LR axis).
|
||
|
-transverse Transverse transpose (across UR-to-LL axis).
|
||
|
|
||
|
The transpose transformation has no restrictions regarding image dimensions.
|
||
|
The other transformations operate rather oddly if the image dimensions are not
|
||
|
a multiple of the iMCU size (usually 8 or 16 pixels), because they can only
|
||
|
transform complete blocks of DCT coefficient data in the desired way.
|
||
|
|
||
|
jpegtran's default behavior when transforming an odd-size image is designed
|
||
|
to preserve exact reversibility and mathematical consistency of the
|
||
|
transformation set. As stated, transpose is able to flip the entire image
|
||
|
area. Horizontal mirroring leaves any partial iMCU column at the right edge
|
||
|
untouched, but is able to flip all rows of the image. Similarly, vertical
|
||
|
mirroring leaves any partial iMCU row at the bottom edge untouched, but is
|
||
|
able to flip all columns. The other transforms can be built up as sequences
|
||
|
of transpose and flip operations; for consistency, their actions on edge
|
||
|
pixels are defined to be the same as the end result of the corresponding
|
||
|
transpose-and-flip sequence.
|
||
|
|
||
|
For practical use, you may prefer to discard any untransformable edge pixels
|
||
|
rather than having a strange-looking strip along the right and/or bottom edges
|
||
|
of a transformed image. To do this, add the -trim switch:
|
||
|
-trim Drop non-transformable edge blocks.
|
||
|
Obviously, a transformation with -trim is not reversible, so strictly speaking
|
||
|
jpegtran with this switch is not lossless. Also, the expected mathematical
|
||
|
equivalences between the transformations no longer hold. For example,
|
||
|
"-rot 270 -trim" trims only the bottom edge, but "-rot 90 -trim" followed by
|
||
|
"-rot 180 -trim" trims both edges.
|
||
|
|
||
|
If you are only interested in perfect transformation, add the -perfect switch:
|
||
|
-perfect Fails with an error if the transformation is not
|
||
|
perfect.
|
||
|
For example you may want to do
|
||
|
jpegtran -rot 90 -perfect foo.jpg || djpeg foo.jpg | pnmflip -r90 | cjpeg
|
||
|
to do a perfect rotation if available or an approximated one if not.
|
||
|
|
||
|
We also offer a lossless-crop option, which discards data outside a given
|
||
|
image region but losslessly preserves what is inside. Like the rotate and
|
||
|
flip transforms, lossless crop is restricted by the current JPEG format: the
|
||
|
upper left corner of the selected region must fall on an iMCU boundary. If
|
||
|
this does not hold for the given crop parameters, we silently move the upper
|
||
|
left corner up and/or left to make it so, simultaneously increasing the
|
||
|
region dimensions to keep the lower right crop corner unchanged. (Thus, the
|
||
|
output image covers at least the requested region, but may cover more.)
|
||
|
The adjustment of the region dimensions may be optionally disabled.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The image can be losslessly cropped by giving the switch:
|
||
|
-crop WxH+X+Y Crop to a rectangular subarea of width W, height H
|
||
|
starting at point X,Y.
|
||
|
|
||
|
A complementary lossless-wipe option is provided to discard (gray out) data
|
||
|
inside a given image region while losslessly preserving what is outside:
|
||
|
-wipe WxH+X+Y Wipe (gray out) a rectangular subarea of
|
||
|
width W, height H starting at point X,Y.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Other not-strictly-lossless transformation switches are:
|
||
|
|
||
|
-grayscale Force grayscale output.
|
||
|
This option discards the chrominance channels if the input image is YCbCr
|
||
|
(ie, a standard color JPEG), resulting in a grayscale JPEG file. The
|
||
|
luminance channel is preserved exactly, so this is a better method of reducing
|
||
|
to grayscale than decompression, conversion, and recompression. This switch
|
||
|
is particularly handy for fixing a monochrome picture that was mistakenly
|
||
|
encoded as a color JPEG. (In such a case, the space savings from getting rid
|
||
|
of the near-empty chroma channels won't be large; but the decoding time for
|
||
|
a grayscale JPEG is substantially less than that for a color JPEG.)
|
||
|
|
||
|
-scale M/N Scale the output image by a factor M/N.
|
||
|
Currently supported scale factors are M/N with all M from 1 to 16, where N is
|
||
|
the source DCT size, which is 8 for baseline JPEG. If the /N part is omitted,
|
||
|
then M specifies the DCT scaled size to be applied on the given input. For
|
||
|
baseline JPEG this is equivalent to M/8 scaling, since the source DCT size
|
||
|
for baseline JPEG is 8. CAUTION: An implementation of the JPEG SmartScale
|
||
|
extension is required for this feature. SmartScale enabled JPEG is not yet
|
||
|
widely implemented, so many decoders will be unable to view a SmartScale
|
||
|
extended JPEG file at all.
|
||
|
|
||
|
jpegtran also recognizes these switches that control what to do with "extra"
|
||
|
markers, such as comment blocks:
|
||
|
-copy none Copy no extra markers from source file. This setting
|
||
|
suppresses all comments and other excess baggage
|
||
|
present in the source file.
|
||
|
-copy comments Copy only comment markers. This setting copies
|
||
|
comments from the source file, but discards
|
||
|
any other inessential (for image display) data.
|
||
|
-copy all Copy all extra markers. This setting preserves
|
||
|
miscellaneous markers found in the source file, such
|
||
|
as JFIF thumbnails, Exif data, and Photoshop settings.
|
||
|
In some files these extra markers can be sizable.
|
||
|
The default behavior is -copy comments. (Note: in IJG releases v6 and v6a,
|
||
|
jpegtran always did the equivalent of -copy none.)
|
||
|
|
||
|
Additional switches recognized by jpegtran are:
|
||
|
-outfile filename
|
||
|
-maxmemory N
|
||
|
-verbose
|
||
|
-debug
|
||
|
These work the same as in cjpeg or djpeg.
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
THE COMMENT UTILITIES
|
||
|
|
||
|
The JPEG standard allows "comment" (COM) blocks to occur within a JPEG file.
|
||
|
Although the standard doesn't actually define what COM blocks are for, they
|
||
|
are widely used to hold user-supplied text strings. This lets you add
|
||
|
annotations, titles, index terms, etc to your JPEG files, and later retrieve
|
||
|
them as text. COM blocks do not interfere with the image stored in the JPEG
|
||
|
file. The maximum size of a COM block is 64K, but you can have as many of
|
||
|
them as you like in one JPEG file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
We provide two utility programs to display COM block contents and add COM
|
||
|
blocks to a JPEG file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
rdjpgcom searches a JPEG file and prints the contents of any COM blocks on
|
||
|
standard output. The command line syntax is
|
||
|
rdjpgcom [-raw] [-verbose] [inputfilename]
|
||
|
The switch "-raw" (or just "-r") causes rdjpgcom to also output non-printable
|
||
|
characters in comments, which are normally escaped for security reasons.
|
||
|
The switch "-verbose" (or just "-v") causes rdjpgcom to also display the JPEG
|
||
|
image dimensions. If you omit the input file name from the command line,
|
||
|
the JPEG file is read from standard input. (This may not work on some
|
||
|
operating systems, if binary data can't be read from stdin.)
|
||
|
|
||
|
wrjpgcom adds a COM block, containing text you provide, to a JPEG file.
|
||
|
Ordinarily, the COM block is added after any existing COM blocks, but you
|
||
|
can delete the old COM blocks if you wish. wrjpgcom produces a new JPEG
|
||
|
file; it does not modify the input file. DO NOT try to overwrite the input
|
||
|
file by directing wrjpgcom's output back into it; on most systems this will
|
||
|
just destroy your file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The command line syntax for wrjpgcom is similar to cjpeg's. On Unix-like
|
||
|
systems, it is
|
||
|
wrjpgcom [switches] [inputfilename]
|
||
|
The output file is written to standard output. The input file comes from
|
||
|
the named file, or from standard input if no input file is named.
|
||
|
|
||
|
On most non-Unix systems, the syntax is
|
||
|
wrjpgcom [switches] inputfilename outputfilename
|
||
|
where both input and output file names must be given explicitly.
|
||
|
|
||
|
wrjpgcom understands three switches:
|
||
|
-replace Delete any existing COM blocks from the file.
|
||
|
-comment "Comment text" Supply new COM text on command line.
|
||
|
-cfile name Read text for new COM block from named file.
|
||
|
(Switch names can be abbreviated.) If you have only one line of comment text
|
||
|
to add, you can provide it on the command line with -comment. The comment
|
||
|
text must be surrounded with quotes so that it is treated as a single
|
||
|
argument. Longer comments can be read from a text file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
If you give neither -comment nor -cfile, then wrjpgcom will read the comment
|
||
|
text from standard input. (In this case an input image file name MUST be
|
||
|
supplied, so that the source JPEG file comes from somewhere else.) You can
|
||
|
enter multiple lines, up to 64KB worth. Type an end-of-file indicator
|
||
|
(usually control-D or control-Z) to terminate the comment text entry.
|
||
|
|
||
|
wrjpgcom will not add a COM block if the provided comment string is empty.
|
||
|
Therefore -replace -comment "" can be used to delete all COM blocks from a
|
||
|
file.
|
||
|
|
||
|
These utility programs do not depend on the IJG JPEG library. In
|
||
|
particular, the source code for rdjpgcom is intended as an illustration of
|
||
|
the minimum amount of code required to parse a JPEG file header correctly.
|